Ntim rau hauv lub hlwb qhov loj ntawm cov noob noob hnav, muv ' navigational systems pab lawv nrhiav thiab pollinate $ 55 lab tus nqi ntawm Wisconsin cov qoob loo txhua xyoo.
Tab sis Wisconsin tau dhau los ua ib qho chaw nyuaj ua muv.
Lub xeev cov kab mob honeybee colony tuag, ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv lub tebchaws, xyoo tas los yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 60 feem pua. Kev tshawb fawb Beekeeper qhia tau hais tias 15 feem pua yog feem ntau suav hais tias yog qhov kev poob qis.
Kev lees paub los ntawm Harriet Behar
Wisconsin cov neeg pollinator tau poob qis rau ntau xyoo, ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev loj hlob ntawm txiv apples, cranberries, cherries thiab ntau lwm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub uas cia siab rau cov muv, butterflies thiab lwm yam pollinators los fertilize lawv, pab lawv tsim noob thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
Thiab cov neeg thuam hais tias tsis ntev los no tau tshaj tawm cov qauv ntawm kev tiv thaiv pollinator txoj kev npaj rau Wisconsin tej zaum yuav muab kev pab tsuas yog txwv rau cov kab xwb. Txoj kev npaj tau pom zoo rau kev yeem ua xws li kev cog qoob loo ntawm kev cog qoob loo thiab cov paj ntoo hauv vaj hauv tsev, tab sis tsis muaj lub hom phiaj rau kev txo qis kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, neonicotinoids, uas tua kab kab mob hlwb.
"Yog hais tias nws yog tag nrho kev yeem, nws yog ib yam dab tsi uas tsis muaj leej twg yuav tsum ua raws, yog li ntawd yog dab tsi?" nug Harriet Behar, tus kws tshaj lij kev ua liaj ua teb organic nrog Midwest Organic thiab Sustainable Education Service, ib lub koom haum uas txhawb nqa kev ua liaj ua teb kom ruaj khov. Behar khaws 25 beehives ntawm nws 216-acre ua liaj ua teb hauv Crawford County nyob rau sab hnub poob Wisconsin.
Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb thiab beekeepers suav nrog Behar ntseeg kev ua liaj ua teb loj rau cov qoob loo xws li pob kws thiab cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo - uas ua ke sawv cev rau $ 2.6 nphom kev lag luam hauv Wisconsin - yog ib qho tseem ceeb pab txhawb rau pollinator poob.
Claudio Gratton, tus xibfwb ntawm entomology ntawm University of Wisconsin-Madison tau hais tias "cov neeg cog qoob loo, cov neeg cog qoob loo tsis xav tau pollinators, yog li (lawv) yuav tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lawv cov tshuaj muaj nyob rau lwm qhov chaw," said Claudio Gratton, tus xibfwb ntawm entomology ntawm University of Wisconsin-Madison, uas. tau ua haujlwm raws li daim ntawv thov pollinator rau lub xeev Department of Agriculture, Trade thiab Consumer Protection.
Tsis muaj qhov kawg ntawm pob kws thiab cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo nrog ob peb lub paj ntoo kom muab paj ntoos los yog kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo tawm pollinators nrog me ntsis noj. Rau cov muv qus uas tsim lawv lub tsev nyob hauv av, muaj ob peb qhov chaw tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ze ntawm cov paj ntoo rau zes. Lwm yam xws li kab mob cab, kab mob, kev coj noj coj ua uas yuav kis tau tus kab mob thiab huab cua huab cua, suav nrog kev qhuav qhuav thiab mob khaub thuas hnyav, kuj tuaj yeem ua rau cov muv tuag.
Kuj tseem muaj cov tshuaj tua kab, suav nrog lub npe hu ua neonics, uas ua zoo li nicotine hauv qhov lawv tsom rau cov kab mob hlwb.
Tshuaj tua kab siv dav
Tshaj tawm hauv xyoo 1990s raws li kev tsom mus rau cov kab tshwj xeeb thiab tsis tshua muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj qus dua li cov laus, cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntau dua - suav nrog organophosphates xws li parathion thiab malathion - neonics tau loj hlob sai hauv kev lag luam thiab tau dhau los ua cov tshuaj tua kab ntau tshaj plaws thoob ntiaj teb, nrog ntau lab hauv kev muag khoom txhua xyoo.
Politically haib agrochemical kev txaus siab, suav nrog insecticide make Syngenta, yog cov loj tshaj plaws producers ntawm neonics. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Syngenta thiab lub koom haum kev lag luam kev lag luam CropLife America tau pab tsim Wisconsin txoj kev npaj pollinator. Lawv hais tias qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov neeg muv poob qis thiab tsis tau siv lawv cov khoom kom raug.
Neonics tuaj yeem xa tawm los ntawm kev txau, los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj, xws li rau hauv cov ntoo trunks, los ntawm drenching av nyob ib ncig ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab los ntawm txheej cov noob nrog nws ua ntej cog.
Ian Grettenberger / Penn State
Noob txheej yog lub Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas ua rau muaj kev siv cov neonics. Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj, ib pab neeg ua liaj ua teb, beekeepers thiab cov neeg tawm tswv yim ua ntawv foob rau lub tebchaws United States Environmental Protection Agency rau kev zam neonic noob txheej los ntawm kev cai. Cov neeg foob hais tias tsis muaj kev tswj hwm yuav ua rau cov pollinators thiab ib puag ncig.
Los ntawm 2012, yuav luag tag nrho cov noob pob kws, thiab kwv yees li 30 feem pua ntawm cov noob taum pauv cog hauv Wisconsin thiab thoob plaws lub tebchaws, tau coated nrog neonics, Paul Mitchell, tus kws tshaj lij ntawm UW-Madison uas tau koom nrog UW-Extension's Nutrient and Pest Management. Program. Neonic-coated noob kuj tau siv dav rau lwm cov qoob loo xws li qos yaj ywm thiab hauv cov nyom thiab vaj.
Neonics yog qhov systemic, txhais tau tias lawv tau nqus thiab nyob hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Lawv kuj yog cov muaj zog neurotoxins. Neonics yog tshuaj tsim los tawm tsam lub paj hlwb ntawm cov kab tsuag uas noj ib feem ntawm cov nroj tsuag kho, ua rau tuag tes tuag taw thiab tuag.
Nrog rau kev vam khom ntau ntawm neonics, qhov tsis xav tau tshwm sim rau cov kab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li pollinators tuaj yeem tshwm sim.
Cov noob coated nrog neonics tau dhau los ua ib txoj cai pov hwm rau ntau tus neeg ua liaj ua teb, hais tias Gratton, uas nrog rau Christina Locke, tus kws tshawb fawb tom qab kawm tiav hauv Gratton lub chaw kuaj mob, ua haujlwm ntawm kev npaj pollinator.
Marion Ceraso / Rau Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
“Ag kev coj ua nyob ntawm peb taming xwm. Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis nyiam qhov sib txawv thiab tsis paub tseeb, "Gratton hais.
“Nrog neonics, muaj tsawg daim ntawv thov vim nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag tag nrho lub caij; nws yog ib lub tswv yim thiab ua tiav. Zuag qhia tag nrho muaj tsawg dua siv, tab sis kuj tseem muaj ntau qhov tshwm sim uas tsis xav tau. "
Cov kws tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas ntau txoj hauv kev uas cov kab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li cov muv raug kev txom nyem los ntawm neonics, txawm tias lawv tsis pub noj rau cov nroj tsuag kho, raws li kab tsuag.
Bees tuaj yeem raug los ntawm paj ntoos lossis nectar ntawm cov nroj tsuag kho, los ntawm kev sib cuag nrog cov plua plav tawm los ntawm kev cog cov noob, los ntawm kev sib cuag cov tee dej ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thiab los ntawm kev mus xyuas paj thiab lwm yam nroj tsuag uas tsis txhob txwm kis los ntawm neonics 'persistence hauv av thiab dej.
Nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov koob tshuaj ntau txaus ntawm neonics - xws li cov uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev raug xwm txheej thaum txau - tuaj yeem tua muv. Cov lus nug txog qhov chaw neonics ntawm qhov qis qis, zoo li cov muv yuav ntsib hauv thaj chaw kho pob kws los yog kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
Pierre Petelle, tus lwm thawj coj ntawm CropLife Canada, tau sau rau hauv a 2014 blog sau nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg lag luam lub vev xaib uas ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv kev sim siv los ua pov thawj kev txwv tsis pub cov muv mus rau "tsis muaj tseeb ntau ntawm neonics."
David Flakne, tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Syngenta thiab ib qho ntawm cov neeg muaj feem raug caw los ntawm DATCP los pab txhawb rau txoj kev npaj pollinator, hais tias neonics muaj kev nyab xeeb thaum siv raws li qhia.
Bridgit Bowden / Wisconsin Public Radio
"Cov pov thawj tshawb fawb tau pom meej meej tias cov muv thiab lwm yam pollinators tuaj yeem nyob nrog kev nyab xeeb nrog cov cuab yeej ua liaj ua teb niaj hnub no, xws li tshuaj tua kab neonic, thaum cov ntawv sau ua raws li cov khoom lag luam," Flakne tau sau rau hauv email rau Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism.
Loj hlob pov thawj ntawm kev puas tsuaj
Cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias thaum muaj ntau yam ua rau cov muv poob qis, cov kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv tawm cov lus nug seb cov muv thiab neonics puas tuaj yeem muaj kev nyab xeeb nyob hauv thaj chaw muaj tiag. Los ntawm kev khi rau cov receptors hauv muv lub hlwb, qee qhov kev tshawb fawb tau pom, neonics zoo li scramble lawv sophisticated hlwb circuitry.
Ib txoj kev tshawb ntawm honeybees uas raug rau cov theem tsis ua rau cov neonics pom tias lawv ob leeg yuav muaj teeb meem ntau dua rau kev rov qab mus rau lub tsev pheeb suab thiab tsis tshua muaj sia nyob dua li cov muv uas tsis tau pom. Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias ob qho tib si qus thiab tswj hwm muv raug rau neonics pom ib qho txo peev xwm nrhiav zaub mov, kev loj hlob ntawm brood tsis muaj zog, txo kev nco thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kab mob ntau dua, raws li daim ntawv 2013 los ntawm European cov kws tshawb fawb tau nyiaj los ntawm ntau lub hauv paus ib puag ncig.
Ib lub koom haum ua haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb uas tau tshuaj xyuas ntau dua 800 cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov phooj ywg xaus tias kev siv ntau ntawm neonics thiab cov tshuaj tua kab zoo sib xws, fipronil, yog ib qho tseem ceeb pab txhawb rau ntau xyoo caum-ntev ntawm kev poob qis ntawm cov neeg pollinators thiab lwm yam kab, uas yog "qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ruaj ntseg zaub mov thiab kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov."
Ib txoj kev tshawb nrhiav nyiaj txiag los ntawm Wisconsin Potato Industry Board thiab ua nyob rau hauv lub xeev Central Sands cheeb tsam tau kuaj pom cov leaching ntawm neonics rau hauv av thiab pom tias cov dej muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo tau rov ua dua neonics rov qab rau hauv av. Cov kev tshawb pom tau ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog yuav ua li cas txuas ntxiv mus, qhov raug qis qis yuav cuam tshuam rau "cov kab mob uas tsis yog hom phiaj" xws li muv, cov kws sau ntawv tau hais.
Qee cov neonics yog txwv nyob teb chaws Europe thiab yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm sib foob hauv Asmeskas thiab Canada vim muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog lawv qhov cuam tshuam rau pollinator noj qab haus huv thiab tsis muaj kev cai txaus.
Haley Henschel / Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
EPA kuj muaj ncua kev pom zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab neonic tshiab thiab tab tom rov ntsuam xyuas neonics tam sim no ntawm kev ua lag luam. Lub koom haum nyob rau lub Ib Hlis tau tshaj tawm nws thawj ntawm plaub qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm pollinator ntawm qhov qub tshaj plaws neonic, imidacloprid, uas qhia tias nws yog "kev hem thawj rau qee cov pollinators" thaum siv paj rwb thiab citrus.
Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb ntsuas qhov pheej hmoo thiab lwm yam
Russell Groves, tus kws paub txog kab ecology thiab zaub cog qoob loo tshwj xeeb ntawm UW-Madison Department of Entomology, tau hais tias cov neeg ua liaj ua teb pheej nrhiav txoj hauv kev los txo cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov qoob loo poob vim kab tsuag ib feem kom tau raws li cov neeg siv khoom xav tau cov khoom noj qis. Groves tau hais tias tsoomfwv txoj cai tseem txhawb nqa cov liaj teb loj dua, qhov twg cov tshuaj tua kab hauv ntuj tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig.
Alan Jewell, tus neeg ua liaj ua teb rau 42 xyoo nrog 4,000 daim av pob kws thiab cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo hauv Dodgeville, tau hais tias nws txaus siab siv ob peb las ntxiv rau ib daim av rau cov noob pob kws neonic-coated los tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kab tsuag vim "cov nqi nplej tau poob ... (thiab ) peb cov nyiaj tau los tsis tso cai rau peb ntau chav wiggle. "
"Cutworms tuaj yeem tua tau 40 txog 80 feem pua ntawm cov noob," nws hais ntxiv. "Tom qab ntawd muaj cov kab kab, thiab txhua yam kab tsuag."
Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tab tom nrhiav lwm txoj hauv kev.
Marion Ceraso / Rau Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
Steve Groff, tus neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov muag noob hauv Pennsylvania, hais tias neonics muaj lawv qhov chaw tab sis tau "txoj kev siv ntau dhau." Tsis ntev los no nws tau pib qhov kev sim nrog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Penn State kom pom tias cog cov noob pob kws tsis muaj neonic yuav tiv thaiv cov kab uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo uas tua cov slugs uas tuaj yeem rhuav tshem nws cov pob kws.
Qhov kev sim ua tiav, Groff hais. "Peb pib pom tias thaum peb cog ntsuab, peb muaj tsawg dua slug."
Los ntawm kev siv lwm txoj kev ua liaj ua teb, xws li kev hloov qoob loo, npog qoob loo thiab tsis tiling av, Groff tau hais tias nws tau txo nws cov tshuaj tua kab los ntawm 80 feem pua. Nws npaj yuav sim dua xyoo no nrog cov phiaj xwm loj dua ntawm cov pob kws tsis muaj neonic.
Npaj hu rau kev ntsuas kev yeem
lub 2015 tsoom fwv txoj kev npaj uas txhawb cov xeev los tsim lawv tus kheej cov phiaj xwm pollinator tau txwv kev sib tham txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm neonics, Gratton thiab Locke pom zoo.
"Tej zaum muaj laj thawj vim li cas Tsev Dawb tsab ntawv ceeb toom suav nrog tsawg heev ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab," Gratton tau hais. “Cov tuam txhab muag tshuaj tua kab yuav tau nyiaj ntau ntawm cov noob. Agrochemical sector muaj zog heev. "
Thaum qhib lub rooj sib tham thawj tus neeg koom nrog xyoo tas los, Mike Murray ntawm DATCP qhov kev pab cuam tshuaj tua kab tau hais rau pawg neeg sib sau ua ke, "Peb tab tom tham txog kev yeem ua haujlwm, peb tsis nyob ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm no."
Bridgit Bowden / Wisconsin Public Radio
Donna Gilson, tus cev lus rau DATCP, kuj tau hais tias lub chaw haujlwm tsis muaj peev txheej los tshawb fawb txog tshuaj tua kab, yog li nws ua raws li EPA cov thawj coj ntawm kev tswj hwm lawv.
Ib EPA tsom xam ntawm kev siv neonic ntawm soy xaus lus tias "feem ntau, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo thaum cov noob taum tau kho nrog neonicotinoids tiv thaiv tsis tau txais kev kho kab mob." Txawm li cas los xij cov kev tshawb pom no tau txhawb kom tsis muaj kev txwv rau kev siv cov noob neonic kho rau cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo los ntawm EPA lossis DATCP.
Rau Gratton, kev txwv rau neonics yuav ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb tias cov neeg ua liaj ua teb yuav rov qab mus rau cov laus, cov tshuaj tua kab ntau dua. Gratton tau hais tias, "Ib lub tswv yim zoo dua," Gratton tau hais tias, "tej zaum yuav yog ob qho tib si palatable thiab ua rau koj tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam ntawm kev tiv thaiv pollinators thiab tsis cuam tshuam cov txiaj ntsig."
Kev ua txhaum ntawm neonics
Lwm lub xeev thiab lub tebchaws tau siv txoj hauv kev nruj dua.
Tom qab ib tug xov tooj ntawm neonic-related muv tuag xwm txheej, Oregon txwv daim ntawv thov Ntawm cov khoom uas muaj cov neonics dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam thiab clothianidin ntawm qee cov ntoo ntoo.
Minnesota txoj kev npaj pollinator cog lus rau kev tshuaj xyuas cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev siv neonic, suav nrog kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau pollinators, kev txhim kho ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab tsuag kab thiab leaching rau hauv av thiab dej.
Tsoomfwv ntawm Ontario, Canada, muaj txav los txo kev siv neonic-kho noob rau pob kws thiab taum qoob loo los ntawm 80 feem pua los ntawm 2017.
Aimee Code xav tias Wisconsin txoj kev npaj yuav tsum suav nrog kev ntsuas muaj zog dua.
Marion Ceraso / Rau Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
"Peb tsis xav tias nws tsim nyog nyob twj ywm thaum txoj kev tshawb fawb pom tias muaj teeb meem nrog neonics," said Code, tus kws tshaj lij tshuaj tua kab nrog Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, ib qho ntawm cov koom haum tau caw tuaj koom.
Code hais tias muab kev tiv thaiv kev siv neonics thoob plaws, Wisconsin txoj kev npaj yuav tsum suav nrog cov kev cai rau kev saib xyuas thiab saib xyuas thaj chaw kom ntseeg tau tias muaj teeb meem kab tsuag ua ntej cov noob tau cog.
Nws tau hais tias "Peb yuav tsum tau txhawb kev txheeb xyuas qhov xav tau ua ntej siv hauv peb cov kev cai tshuaj tua kab," nws hais.
Rau nws ib feem, Harriet Behar, Crawford County tus neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, xav pom "kev npaj nrog qee cov hniav hauv nws."
"Neonics tau tso cai rau tib neeg tsis quav ntsej cov txheej txheem agronomic zoo," nws hais. “Peb tsis tas yuav tig cov qoob loo ntxiv lawm. Peb tsuas yog tua txhua yam nrog neonics. Yog tias peb ua kev txuag qoob loo hloov pauv loj hauv Wisconsin, yog li cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis muaj kab tsuag thiab kab mob uas lawv tab tom sim daws nrog neonics, qhov ntawd yuav yog ib qho kev pab loj. "
Bridgit Bowden / Wisconsin Public Radio
Tuam txhab uas muag tej zaum yuav twb yuav mus rau tom ntej no cov tshuaj tua kab. Cov neeg thuam hu nws lub plhaub tua kab ua si; Agrochemical tuam txhab uas muag piav nws li innovation.
"Raws li muaj kev txhawj xeeb, cov tuam txhab yeej ib txwm muaj cov khoom tshiab los hloov ib qho uas yuav tawm mus," said Lex Horan, ntawm lub koom haum tawm tswv yim Pesticide Action Network, uas ua haujlwm los txo kev siv tshuaj tua kab.
Qhov tseeb, DuPont Pioneer tsis ntev los no tau tshaj tawm tias nws tau tsim kho cov noob qoob loo tshiab hu ua Lumivia rau cov kab mob pob kws uas, raws li lub tuam txhab tus kws tshaj lij Jane Slusark, tau "tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov pollinators."
Marion Ceraso yog ib tus neeg sau xov xwm ywj pheej uas tau kawm tiav qib siab hauv kev noj qab haus huv pej xeem los ntawm Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab hauv kev sau xov xwm los ntawm University of Wisconsin-Madison. Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism (www.WisconsinWatch.org) koom tes nrog Wisconsin Cov Xov Xwm Zej Tsoom, Wisconsin Cov Xov Xwm Rau Pej Xeem, lwm cov xov xwm tshaj tawm thiab UW-Madison Tsev Kawm Ntawv Xov Xwm thiab Kev Sib Txuas Lus. Txhua yam haujlwm tsim, tshaj tawm, tshaj tawm lossis tshaj tawm los ntawm Lub Chaw tsis tas yuav cuam tshuam cov kev xav lossis kev xav ntawm UW-Madison lossis ib qho ntawm cov koom tes.
Rov luam tawm peb cov ntawv dawb, hauv online lossis luam tawm, raws li daim ntawv tso cai Creative Commons.
